Despite US dominance in so many different areas of technology, we’re sadly somewhat of a backwater when it comes to car headlamps. It’s been this way for many decades, a result of restrictive federal vehicle regulations that get updated rarely. The latest lights to try to work their way through red tape and onto the road are active-matrix LED lamps, which can shape their beams to avoid blinding oncoming drivers.
From the 1960s, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards allowed for only sealed high- and low-beam headlamps, and as a result, automakers like Mercedes-Benz would sell cars with less capable lighting in North America than it offered to European customers.
A decade ago, this was still the case. In 2014, Audi tried unsuccessfully to bring its new laser high-beam technology to US roads. Developed in the racing crucible that is the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the laser lights illuminate much farther down the road than the high beams of the time, but in this case, the lighting tech had to satisfy both the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Food and Drug Administration, which has regulatory oversight for any laser products.
The good news is that by 2019, laser high beams were finally an available option on US roads, albeit once the power got turned down to reduce their range.
NHTSA’s opposition to advanced lighting tech is not entirely misplaced. Obviously, being able to see far down the road at night is a good thing for a driver. On the other hand, being dazzled or blinded by the bright headlights of an approaching driver is categorically not a good thing. Nor is losing your night vision to the glare of a car (it’s always a pickup) behind you with too-bright lights that fill your mirrors.
This is where active-matrix LED high beams come in, which use clusters of controllable LED pixels. Think of it like a more advanced version of the “auto high beam” function found on many newer cars, which uses a car’s forward-looking sensors to know when to dim the lights and when to leave the high beams on.
Here, sensor data is used much more granularly. Instead of turning off the entire high beam, the car only turns off individual pixels, so the roadway is still illuminated, but a car a few hundred feet up the road won’t be.
Rather than design entirely new headlight clusters for the US, most OEMs’ solution was to offer the hardware here but disable the beam-shaping function—easy to do when it’s just software. But in 2022, NHTSA relented—nine years after Toyota first asked the regulator to reconsider its stance.
People are getting older or in poor health and they can’t see when they’re driving at night. It’s terrifying how many people should probably stop driving once the sun goes down
That definitely plays a part, but there are other bits, too.
Old sealed beam lamps simply weren’t as bright as halogens or LEDs (or Xenons, for that brief moment in automotive lighting history). Sealed beams didn’t throw out as pure a white light, either, and they were more likely to become badly aimed. Sealed beam reflectors were all the same, no matter what car you put them on; automakers could adjust composite headlights to have whatever beam shape they wanted. All together, you could not see as far when using sealed beams in comparison to newer bulb technologies.
Back in the mid-1980s, when composite headlights were becoming more common on new cars, highway speeds were simply not as fast. Anecdotally, going 75MPH on the highways in and around Chicago was screaming fast in the 80s. Today, 75MPH on those same highways is slow. Modern cars are simply more capable of safely driving at high speeds, and part of that is because modern headlights are designed to throw whiter light farther. Headlights are brighter.
Throw some supermassive trucks and SUVs into the mix, where their OEM positioned headlights are higher off the ground, and many of them have big tires or lift kits making that even worse (and where exactly zero people who lift their vehicles also reaim the headlights) - if you’re in a compact or midsize sedan, well, fuck you.